maslow from gruop b; beatrice, trina, jo kevin, mark ABRAHAM MASLOW The psychology of Maslow overlaps with that of Carl Rogers in many ways. He proposed that there was a hierarchy of needs, ascending from the basic biological needs to the more complex psychological motivations that become important only after the basic needs have been satisfied. the needs at one level must be at least partially satisfied before the next level become important motivators of action. When food and safety are difficult to obtain , efforts to satisfy those needs will dominate a persons actions and higher motives will have little significance. Only when basic needs are satisfied will and individual have the time and energy to other interests. Artistic and scientific endeavours don’t flourish in societies which people struggle for food. Self-Actualization can be fulfilled only after other needs are satisfied. Characteristics of self-actualizers Perceive reality efficiently and are able to tolerate uncertain Accept themselves and others for what they are Spontaneous in thought and behaviour Problem centred rather than self centred Have a good sense of humour Highly creative Resistant to socialization although not purposely unconventional Concerned for the welfare of humanity Capable of deep appreciation of the basic experiences of life Establish deep, satisfying interpersonal relationships with a few rather than many people Able to look at life from an objective viewpoint Behaviour leading to self-actualizers Experience life as a child does, with full absorption and concentration Try something new rather than sticking to secure safe ways Listen to your own feeling in evaluating experiences rather than to the voice of tradition or authority or majority Be honest: ; avoid pretences or "game playing" Be prepared to be unpopular in your views do not coincide with those of most people Assume responsibility Work hard at whatever you decide to do Try to identify your defences and have the courage to give them up Maslow decided to study self actualizers- men and women who had made extraordinary use of their potential. He studies historic figures like Spinoza, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln. Jane Adams, Albert Eisten and Eleanor Roosevelt. He then extended his study to a population of college students. Selecting students who fit his definition of self actualises and he found this group to be in the healthiest 1% of the population. These students showed no signs of maladjustment and were making effective use of their talents and capabilities. According o maslow only an individual growing towards self acualization can be said to be psychologically healthy. Mere ego control or adaptation to the environment is not enough. I would agree with Maslows theory as it is important a child at a young age (0 to 6) to have the basic needs met but would question his classification of basic need for example some from third world might have heir basic needs met according to their standard of life while according to maslow it might not be met. The study he did was done on a western culture and am sure there children who have made it even though they did not qualify to his hierarchy of need e.g. may be they got a lot of emotional support from their parents when they were young even though they lacked some of the basic needs. Does this mean if you never fulfilled the hierarchy of need you never reach the self actualization state? Maslow can also be criticized on building theory on observations of solely on health people. His theory is best suited to functioning people whose basic needs have been met, freeing them to concern themselves to higher needs. Many observers believe that Americans are obsessed with the individual and show little concern for the welfare of the larger society. A psychology that raises individual self fulfilment and actualization to the top of the hierarchy may provide a " sanction for selfishness" (wallach &wallach, 1983) although maslow lists concern for the welfare of humanity among he characteristics o self acualizers and some of the self actualizers identified by maslow- such as Eleanor Roosevelt- clearly possessed this characteristic, it is not included in the hierarchy of needs. beatrice kamande

10.2.06 13:36 Permalink / 1 Comment / comment

maslow from gruop b; beatrice, trina, jo kevin, mark ABRAHAM MASLOW The psychology of Maslow overlaps with that of Carl Rogers in many ways. He proposed that there was a hierarchy of needs, ascending from the basic biological needs to the more complex psychological motivations that become important only after the basic needs have been satisfied. the needs at one level must be at least partially satisfied before the next level become important motivators of action. When food and safety are difficult to obtain , efforts to satisfy those needs will dominate a persons actions and higher motives will have little significance. Only when basic needs are satisfied will and individual have the time and energy to other interests. Artistic and scientific endeavours don’t flourish in societies which people struggle for food. Self-Actualization can be fulfilled only after other needs are satisfied. Characteristics of self-actualizers Perceive reality efficiently and are able to tolerate uncertain Accept themselves and others for what they are Spontaneous in thought and behaviour Problem centred rather than self centred Have a good sense of humour Highly creative Resistant to socialization although not purposely unconventional Concerned for the welfare of humanity Capable of deep appreciation of the basic experiences of life Establish deep, satisfying interpersonal relationships with a few rather than many people Able to look at life from an objective viewpoint Behaviour leading to self-actualizers Experience life as a child does, with full absorption and concentration Try something new rather than sticking to secure safe ways Listen to your own feeling in evaluating experiences rather than to the voice of tradition or authority or majority Be honest: ; avoid pretences or "game playing" Be prepared to be unpopular in your views do not coincide with those of most people Assume responsibility Work hard at whatever you decide to do Try to identify your defences and have the courage to give them up Maslow decided to study self actualizers- men and women who had made extraordinary use of their potential. He studies historic figures like Spinoza, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln. Jane Adams, Albert Eisten and Eleanor Roosevelt. He then extended his study to a population of college students. Selecting students who fit his definition of self actualises and he found this group to be in the healthiest 1% of the population. These students showed no signs of maladjustment and were making effective use of their talents and capabilities. According o maslow only an individual growing towards self acualization can be said to be psychologically healthy. Mere ego control or adaptation to the environment is not enough. I would agree with Maslows theory as it is important a child at a young age (0 to 6) to have the basic needs met but would question his classification of basic need for example some from third world might have heir basic needs met according to their standard of life while according to maslow it might not be met. The study he did was done on a western culture and am sure there children who have made it even though they did not qualify to his hierarchy of need e.g. may be they got a lot of emotional support from their parents when they were young even though they lacked some of the basic needs. Does this mean if you never fulfilled the hierarchy of need you never reach the self actualization state? Maslow can also be criticized on building theory on observations of solely on health people. His theory is best suited to functioning people whose basic needs have been met, freeing them to concern themselves to higher needs. Many observers believe that Americans are obsessed with the individual and show little concern for the welfare of the larger society. A psychology that raises individual self fulfilment and actualization to the top of the hierarchy may provide a " sanction for selfishness" (wallach &wallach, 1983) although maslow lists concern for the welfare of humanity among he characteristics o self acualizers and some of the self actualizers identified by maslow- such as Eleanor Roosevelt- clearly possessed this characteristic, it is not included in the hierarchy of needs.

10.2.06 13:34 Permalink / 3 Comments / comment

Maria Musamadya Group A - with Jenny Reid,  Jean Madzogo,ffice:smarttags" /> Lydia Duah, Petronella Chib. M,  Anna Mapani, Lucy Manuel and Margaret Mupfunya.   Bowlby's work on attachment theory (1969,1979 and 1980) has made a major contribution to how social workers think about the development of relationships between children and parents. Attachment is a concept in social work practice with children becuase it is most often in the area of children's close family relationships that we see the origins of emotional and behavioural problems. For social workers it is also important to understand the links between attachment and abusive and neglectful parenting (Crittendon and Ainsworth1989) Attachment theory specifically addresses three areas of behaviour in children: Proximity seeking - When the child seeks to remain within the reach of a protective parent or other attachment figure, especially when feeling anxious or under threat. The secure base effe t. Over time, the predicatable availability of the attachment figure allows the child to feel secure enough to explore, play and learn. Separation protest. The child will protest if access to the attachment figure is denied. By the age of 6-8 ,onths children are likely to be showing a strong preference for a particular adult who provides a secure emotional base, although at this early stage children can form a number of attachment relationships, age and understanding in the first year. Babies are born with different constitutions, personalities and temperaments. They not only react on, but also interact with carers, siblings and professionals. Babies are extremely sensitive to thei carers and all aspects of their environment. They can communicate their feelings by their facial expressions, moods and behaviour and also in ohter ways, such as the pattern of weight gain, meeting developmnetal milestones and so on. The importance of attachment formation during this year will mean that there needs to be careful observation and assessmnet of attachment behaviours and relationships with carers. Brandon, M et.al. (1998) Social Work with Children London Macmillan Press Ltd.

9.2.06 15:43 Permalink / 3 Comments / comment

Petronella Chib. M. -  with Group A - Jenny Reid,  Jean Madzogo, Maria ffice:smarttags" />Musamadya, Lydia Duah,   Anna Mapani, Lucy Manuel and Margaret Mupfunya.   Piaget is interested in cognitive development and Freud in emotional development. Frued argues that a child should stay with the mother during the 1st and 2nd years of their life to fevelop and bond because if this bond is not developed it shall result in negative consequences in later life such as a lack of social, emotional and intellectual development. Piaget argued that young children do not have the same capabilities to think in the same way as older children. They need to go through a process of cognitive development in order to achieve the abilities of an older child. He says that the development ptocess is innate.  He says that we all have animal instincts of immediate gratification and if these are met then we can develop socially acceptable  and rational behaviour. Major developmental stages being Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital. Critics were Hodges and Tizard they said there was too much emphasis on early years and it was therefore too deterministic.

9.2.06 15:19 Permalink / 12 Comments / comment

Jean Madzogo fficeffice" />  Hi everyone,  I have looked at Freud Sigmund’s theories, as I find them very interesting and  was shocked at first hearing about his theories (psychosexual development).     Freud believed the human personality consisted of three major parts, the id, ego and the superego. 1.         The id from birth to two years is ruled by the pleasure principle, more like selfish desire, seeking immediate gratification of needs, e.g. in children they want their needs to be met there and then.    2.         At two to four years comes the ego, which is guided by the reality principal, which is rational and logical, ( realising one cannot have everything their own way).  3.         The Superego from age four is a moral guardian, learning to follow rules and knowing between right and wrong.   According to Freud these three works together and at times there is conflict between them and the effects may cause anxiety.   He believed a well-adjusted person should have these three parts in balance.   He is also well known for his theories of psychosexual development, though a lot of people are shocked at first hearing about these theories.    He claimed that all children go through five stages as they develop.   The oral, the anal,  phallic, latent and the genital stages.  He believed the first three are very important for personal development.   According to Freud oral stage whereby the mouth, lip and tongue are the erogenous zone.   1.         Getting pleasure from sucking and biting.  That is why children are always putting things in their mouths.  At this stage the conflict may occur when weaning the baby, they may become fixated meaning their personality may later be affected.  It may cause the oral personality such as being passive and dependent on other people. 2.         Pleasure from anus through defecating.  Fixation in this instance may occur if potty training is too strict, the person may become time conscious or the opposite, and in some instances one becomes very loose or tight with money. 3.         The phallic stage which seems to be one of the most controversial of Freud’s theories.  He claims that boys are sexually attracted to their mothers and are jealous of their fathers.  The girls are jealous of boys because they have a penis which they don’t have.    Karen Horney (theorist 1875-1961) argued, claiming Freud’s evidence was biased and inadequate, she even suggested that men should be the ones jealous of the womb because they can not give birth.   These are some of Freud’s weaknesses in his theories.   There is no scientific support for the three part personalities or psychosexual stages of development, as they are invisible.   People are unique in different ways so one theory might work on one person and not necessarily on another.  In Free Association and Dream Analysis he did not take notes during sessions because he wanted his patients to feel free.   He therefore relied on his memory and could have been biased and selected details to fit his theory.  Wealthy, middle class Jewish women were his patients thereby restricting his findings thus generalising his findings.  He based his theories on evidence of emotional disturbed people only. At one time he had great doubts about his theories (V.0969).    Most of his theories are of the Conscious and Unconscious mind, which are invisible and their existence cannot be proved.      Some claim that his theories were not scientific therefore cannot be replicable to find if they are true.    He developed the child development theory, but only interviewed one child (little Hans), through notes from his father.   In spite of the above weaknesses, one must not undermine Freud’s theories; he has helped to appreciate how childhood experiences can influence personality development.  The techniques he used through free association, hypnosis and dream analysis are still being used today by Psychiatrics throughout the world, the couch or shrink comes to mind.

9.2.06 15:05 Permalink / 3 Comments / comment

maslow hierachy to group B trina, mark , jo, tim, kevin hiya, am a bit lost because whilst researchin on maslow he did his research on grown ups ie from abraham lincoln to colledge students. while we are supposed to research on ages 0 to 6. am i on the right track? I have attached what I've done and will post more   ABRAHAM MASLOW The psychology of Maslow overlaps with that of Carl Rogers in many ways. He proposed that there was a hierarchy of needs, ascending from the basic biological needs to the more complex psychological motivations that become important only after the basic needs have been satisfied. the needs at one level must be at least partially satisfied before the next level become important motivators of action. When food and safety are difficult to obtain , efforts to satisfy those needs will dominate a persons actions and higher motives will have little significance. Only when basic needs are satisfied will and individual have the time and energy to other interests. Artistic and scientific endeavours don’t flourish in societies which people struggle for food. Self-Actualization can be fulfilled only after other needs are satisfied. Characteristics of self-actualizers Perceive reality efficiently and are able to tolerate uncertain Accept themselves and others for what they are Spontaneous in thought and behaviour Problem centred rather than self centred Have a good sense of humour Highly creative Resistant to socialization although not purposely unconventional Concerned for the welfare of humanity Capable of deep appreciation of the basic experiences of life Establish deep, satisfying interpersonal relationships with a few rather than many people Able to look at life from an objective viewpoint Behaviour leading to self-actualizers Experience life as a child does, with full absorption and concentration Try something new rather than sticking to secure safe ways Listen to your own feeling in evaluating experiences rather than to the voice of tradition or authority or majority Be honest: ; avoid pretences or “game playing” Be prepared to be unpopular in your views do not coincide with those of most people Assume responsibility Work hard at whatever you decide to do Try to identify your defences and have the courage to give them up Humanistic approach of human nature Most humanistic psychologists don’t dispute the biology and evironment can influence behaviour but they emphasize the individuals own role in defining and creating his or her destiny. In their view individuals are basically good striving gfor growth and self actualization. They are modifiable and active. According to the humanistic pschologistadaption to the enviromnet is not enough but good psychological health. Only and individual who is growing towards self actualization can be said to be psychologically healthy therefore psychological health is a process not an end of state. beatrice

6.2.06 21:34 Permalink / comment

Learning theory suggests that attachment should occur as parents become associated with pleasant stimuli, such as food and comfort. Harlow (1969) showed rhesus monkeys had innate preferences to form attachments to surrogate mums who provide contact and comfort. Freud (1967) believed that infants become attached to people who satisfy their need for food. Rutter (1981), found that the maternal deprivation by Bowlby was not correct. It was attached to one figure only. It failed to distinguish between the effects of deprivation for example, losing an attached figure and never formed an attachement. Tomasini and Tolan (1979) stated that the mothers of infants with avoidant relationships showed more rejection and aversion to bodily contact than the mothers of infants with ambivalent relationships. A study was done on B a 13 year old girl. B lived in Los Angeles. She had no human contact, no language and had strange manners. She had a decade of deprivation. B started to show progress when attention was given to her. She mad progress. She started to talk and learn new things. This shows that children can form attachments to other people.

5.2.06 21:36 Permalink / 1 Comment / comment

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